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Pregnancy is associated with significant anatomical and physiological change in order to both accommodate and sustain the developing fetus. As this literature review article written by two Australian obstetricians makes clear, pregnancy-associated physiological change affects the blood concentration of a range of...

One of the utilities of arterial blood gas analysis (BGA) is to assess patient blood oxygenation status. The two principal parameters generated during BGA that allow this assessment are: partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (pO₂(a)) and the percentage of functional hemoglobin in arterial blood that is...

Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis allows full assessment of patient acid-base status predominantly via the following three parameters generated during the analysis: arterial blood pH; partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood pCO₂(a); and concentration of bicarbonate (HCO₃) in arterial blood. Two of these...

Arterial blood gas analysis has two clinical utilities: assessment of blood oxygenation status and assessment of acid-base status. Assessment of acid-base status depends on measurement of pH and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO₂) in a sample of arterial blood using electrodes housed in the blood gas analyzer,...

Arterial blood gases and other “acute care” biochemical blood tests are frequently ordered during recovery from cardiac arrest. Cardiac arrest, sudden loss of blood flow consequent on cessation of heart activity, is the ultimate medical emergency, frequently exploited for the dramatic nature of its presentation...

The gold standard sample for blood gas analysis is arterial blood, whereas venous blood is the standard sample for all other biochemical and hematological tests. By comparison with venipuncture, the procedure used to sample venous blood, collection of an arterial blood sample is technically more difficult, as well as...

Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying protein contained in red blood cells that ensures delivery of inspired oxygen from lungs to all tissue cells. This process depends on oxygen forming a reversible ionic link with ferrous iron (Fe⁺⁺) contained within the hemoglobin molecule. Methemoglobin (MetHb) is a dysfunctional form ...

Transfusion of donated (allogenic) red blood cells is of undoubted life-saving benefit to those suffering rapid and massive blood loss (hemorrhage) due to major trauma, or complications during surgery and childbirth. However, the procedure is not without risk, and accumulated evidence over the past 2 decades has...

In health, blood pH is maintained within a narrow reference range, 7.35-7.45.  Medical texts discussing general aspects of acid-base disturbance frequently include the observation that pH <6.8 is inevitably fatal. However, there are individual case reports of survival despite this degree of extreme acidosis. One such...