Plasma bicarbonate concentration, a parameter generated during arterial blood gas analysis, is essential to the assessment of patient acid-base status. Blood gas analyzers do not have the capacity to directly measure bicarbonate; instead, it is calculated from measured pH and pCO₂(a), using the Henderson-Hasselbalch...

Although arterial blood remains the gold standard sample for blood gas analysis, it is, compared with peripheral venous blood, a more difficult sample to obtain, and its collection is more painful and hazardous for the patient. These considerations have fuelled a growing interest in study aimed at establishing if...

The clinical value of any patient test result depends on the quality of the reference interval used for its comparison (interpretation), so that good laboratory medicine practice demands continuous review of reference intervals. There is a paucity of published study aimed at validating the health-associated reference...

Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis generates a number of parameters (listed in BOX 5) that together allow assessment of pulmonary gas exchange, blood oxygenation and acid-base balance. These physiological functions of the blood, respiratory and renal systems are disturbed in a range of respiratory and non-respiratory...

Many hospitals have a pneumatic tube system (PTS) that is routinely used to transport blood samples rapidly to the central laboratory, but the notion that such systems can be used to transport samples destined for blood gas analysis is challenged by the results of a recent study.  This prospective study, focusing on...

Metabolic alkalosis is a disturbance of acid-base balance, with many possible causes, characterized by primary increase in blood bicarbonate (HCO₃) and pH. Hypoventilation is the normal compensatory respiratory response to metabolic alkalosis. This results in increased pCO₂ and, if the metabolic alkalosis is...

Modern blood gas analyzers often have incorporated sensor technology that allows measurement of plasma lactate concentration. In nature lactate exists in two isoforms: L-lactate and D-lactate.  In all vertebrates, including humans, the L-lactate form is by far the most abundant and pathophysiologically significant,...

Blood gas analysis (BGA) provides the means for the most accurate assessment of patient oxygenation status; the two relevant blood gas parameters being partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (pO₂(a)), and % hemoglobin oxygen saturation (sO₂(a)).  Pulse oximetry, a technology now ubiquitous in all areas of...

Blood gas analysis (BGA) is a laboratory and point-of-care test routinely used to assess acid-base status along with adequacy of ventilation and oxygenation among predominantly critically/acutely ill patients.  The ”gold standard” sample for BGA is arterial blood collected anaerobically by needle puncture of an artery ...

Hemodialysis and related treatments for those with failing kidneys all involve blood flow through a circuit outside the body. This extracorporeal circuit - the dialysis machine and its connections from and back to the body - is a non-physiological, pro-coagulant environment.  To counter the tendency for patients'...