Children are not just small adults, and present unique challenges to the clinical laboratory. Blood specimens must be very small; for example, total blood volumes in a premature infant can be as small as 115 mL. Genetic diseases frequently must be detected in the newborn period. Reference values change with age....

In conjunction with Apgar scores and other parameters, umbilical-cord blood gas values are used to assess newborn respiratory status.  Paired umbilical-cord gas venous and arterial samples were collected from 200 patients to establish reference ranges for blood gas/hemoximetry parameters. Umbilical-cord samples were...

Both high and low blood glucose levels may be dangerous to the newborn baby. Measurement of blood or plasma lactate concentrations gives an indication of the adequacy of oxygen delivery to tissues, and blood and CSF lactate levels are essential investigations in the diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism (IEM)....

The application of transcutaneous pO₂/pCO₂ monitoring is essential in optimizing the ventilatory management of critically ill newborns. Application areas include high-frequency oscillatory ventilation initiation, transitioning modes of ventilation, and inter-facility transport.

The results of laboratory tests are used in many clinical settings. In the main, results obtained in point-of-care testing (POCT) are used either in monitoring or in diagnosis. Analytical quality does affect outcomes in these clinical situations. Numerical estimates of the quality required for laboratory tests to...

What quality is being controlled in laboratories today?  The definition of a quality requirement for each laboratory test is the starting point of quantitative quality management. Different types of requirements may be used as long as there are appropriate quality-planning models for translating those requirements...

Our ability to assess the oxygenation status in critical care with a high degree of accuracy has improved as a result of recent developments in optical technology. The determination of the oxygenation status, however, remains a complex issue due to its multifaceted nature. This review discusses the definitions,...

Postoperative monitoring in critical care patients has become a widening field over the past few decades. Improvements in outcome can be related to advances in this field as well as in intraoperative management and preoperative assessment.

Measurement of transcutaneous oxygen tension (tcpO₂) has gained worldwide acceptance as a simple and effective method of evaluating cutaneous blood flow in settings where skin viability and the adequacy of skin blood flow are of major concern. An example of such a setting is the non-invasive vascular laboratory at...

Transcutaneous monitoring of carbon dioxide plays an important role during short-term and long-term treatments for ventilatory failure. Progress during short-term treatments can be judged through tcpCO₂ recordings - especially to avoid crash reintubation of patients who have been weaned off invasive ventilation....